COURTESY : ECONOMIC TIMES
In this two-part series, we outline
the entire process step-by-step, beginning from the time you inherit the
property. In part one, we will look at what documents you need, how you can
arrive at the sale value and how to complete the sale transaction. In part two,
we will look at tax implications and repatriation rules.
Step 1: Transfer title of inherited property to your name
When you inherit property, the first thing you must do is to transfer the title
of the property to your name. You can do this by a process called 'mutation of
revenue records.' You would need either a copy of the Will or in absence of a
Will a Succession Certificate
issued by the local court.
Step 2: Get documents in order
Once you have transferred the title of the inherited property, you need to put
together all the papers that are needed in order to sell the property. Here's a
list:
- Original purchase agreement
This is the title document of the property.
- Original share certificate in case of residential unit in a co-operative
society
A share certificate is issued by the co-operative housing society to each
member. In case this certificate has been misplaced, the member must apply to
the society for a duplicate. The member would need to indemnify the society for
all costs and give an undertaking that the property is not mortgaged. He would
also need to publish a notice in the newspaper and in the society notice boards
so that it is clear that no objections exist.
- No objection certificate from the society
The certificate confirms that members of the society do not have any objections
to the sale of the apartment. It should also confirm that the seller has no
default/outstanding payments to be made to the Society as of date.
"Usually this is received once the buyer is finalized as the society gives
an NOC stating that it does not have any problem in the owner selling the
property to the buyer)," explains Amar Shah, Co-founder of property
consultancy firm Golden Abodes.
- Copy of approved plan and occupation certificate issued by the concerned
authority such as a municipal corporation
- Lawyer certificate
In the absence of originals of the above documents, the seller must approach a
lawyer who would help him with a certificate to prove that he is indeed the
rightful owner of the property. "The lawyer would take out a search and
title report of the property. This report will track the owners of the property
over the last 3-5 decades by tracking records in government registry offices.
He will then place a public notice in a regional language and English/Hindi
newspapers and wait for the prescribed period of time to see if anyone is
claiming rights for the said property. After that, if the search and title
report shows the seller as the final title bearer and no objections/claims are raised,
he would issue a certificate mentioning that the seller is the rightful owner
of the property" Shah explains.
- PAN number
A Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a must for all big ticket transactions in
India. "An NRI
must get a PAN for making the sale of property as after sale of property, it
will be required to apply for Tax Exemption Certificate under section 197. If
he does not have a PAN, he can apply for one by sending the signed application
along with copies of ID and address proof documents," says Shah.
PAN application form is available
here. Indian citizens can
apply for PAN by using form 49A while foreign citizens can use form 49AA. You
can furnish a foreign communication address while applying for your PAN card.
Currently PAN cards are issued to addresses in select countries.
"In the absence of a PAN, the NRI can also furnish Form 60 at registrar
office," adds Vaibhav Sankla, Director, H&R Block India.
Step 3: Identify your preferred sales method
In order to carry out the sale transaction, an NRI must decide whether he wants
to do it himself or use the services of a professional company or firm. Unless
you have close relatives or friends in India who you can trust, it might not
make sense to venture out on your own. "The real estate
space in India is unregulated. Property rates
vary vastly even within a particular area. There is no license for brokers and
the entire process can be cumbersome if one is not familiar with the market. The
most important thing for a successful transaction is to be in the right
hands," says Om Ahuja CEO - Residential Services, Jones Lang LaSalle
India.
"Professional consultants help you make decisions such as whether to rent
out the property or to sell it. Firms also usually have their empaneled
lawyers and tax consultants to help you with issues such as obtaining duplicate
copies of certificates, getting PAN etc.," Shah says.
These firms usually charge a percentage of the sales consideration as their fees
and they provide end to end solutions including identifying a buyer, conducting
due diligence, handling legal and tax issues etc.
all the while maintaining the confidentiality of the seller. In case of Jones
Lang LaSalle India for instance, brokerage charged is 2% plus applicable service tax of
the sale consideration. Charges related to registration, advertisement and legal
counsel fees is charged at actuals. In case of Golden Abodes, which is also
into asset management for NRIs, Shah says the fee is 2% percent of the sale
value plus all out of pocket expenses such as lawyer's fee, tax consultant's
fee, associate broker's fees, etc.
"It's important that NRIs confirm brokerage fees upfront as most of them
face challenge finalizing with brokers at a later stage. Transparency becomes a
big challenge when it comes to sale transactions. NRIs get carried away with
the price quoted by brokers and there is no authentic process to confirm the
sale value. We have seen many times brokers build their margins over and above
the sale value that NRIs may not realize," Ahuja advises.
Step 4: Complete the transaction
The actual sales process itself can be further divided into several steps.
These include:
- Identifying the right sale value
If you are hiring a consultant, the firm would help you arrive at the right
price. "We pick several data points in order to arrive at the right value.
For instance, we may refer to the registered value of similar properties in the
same area. However, that alone might not be fool proof because the value of
cash transactions is not reflected. So we also use our in-house research
reports for reference. We also compare values of similar properties in the
surrounding area," Ahuja explains.
If you are going on your own, you would need to use similar data points.
- Managing the structure of the transaction
Use of cash in property transactions is quite common in India, something that
NRIs usually do not want to deal with. "Things are changing in
India," Ahuja and Shah both agree, "Today it is very much possible to
sell property in India without any cash component."
- Issuing a Power of Attorney
"It is a misconception that the NRI will have to give complete power of
attorney for all property related matters to someone in India. What the NRI
would need to give is an 'Admit PoA.' The Admit PoA only says that while all
the documents are executed by the owner, the PoA holder would represent him in
the registration office because of the NRIs inability to be present
physically." Shah explains.
This means that all documents and certificates would need to be signed
by the NRI himself and the PoA holder would only represent him for registration
purposes.
Ahuja adds, "For NRIs, a PoA drafted in India and signed in person by the
NRI in front of the Indian Consulate is acceptable by registrars. This PoA can
be made in favour of a relative/friend to complete the registration
process."
Remember that each firm may have its own process regarding this. For instance,
Golden Abodes requires the NRI to visit India once to complete the Power of
Attorney process. Shah says, "The NRI will have to come to India once to give
us or any friend or relative the PoA. After that we will have all the documents
ready and send it over to him for signature. Once he sends them back to us, the
PoA holder will admit them for registration."
Jones Lang LaSalle India on the other hand prefers NRIs to visit to meet the
buyer and register the documents. "We don't recommend NRIs signing 'admit
PoA' in favour of brokers/consultants as this becomes a very risky proposition
specifically in India. We recommend that NRIs visit India twice; once for
finalizing the deal, to meet the buyer in person to build comfort and enter
into Memorandum of Understanding and secondly to accept the final payment and
complete the transaction. Facilitating through PoA is possible but we strongly
recommend that NRIs meet the buyer in person. Considering the market is
unregulated, the risk remains very high and ideally getting to meet in-person
improves the comfort," says Ahuja.
- Sort out tax issues
Long term capital gains, that is, gains from an immovable property sold after 3
years of purchase, are taxed in India at 20.6%, including education cess. The
benefit of basic exemption of Rs 200,000 is not available to NRIs on long term
capital gains. Further, in case of NRIs, the buyer is required to deduct tax at
source. This presents another set of complications for NRIs to which there is a
solution and the tax deduction at source can be avoided. We will look at these
in detail in the next part.
This brings us to the end of part one. In part two, we will look at how NRIs
can overcome certain practical issues with respect to tax and repatriation of
their sale proceeds.
Part 2 of 2: In part one of this series,
we took you through a step-by-step process to sell inherited property in India.
Having zeroed in on a buyer and finalised the agreement, the next thing to look
at is tax and repatriation. In this article, we see how NRIs can deal with
these two issues.
Tax
If you sell the property after 3 years from the date of purchase, you will be
liable for long term capital gains tax of 20%. The gains are calculated as the
difference between sale value and indexed cost of purchase. Indexed cost of
purchase is nothing but the cost of purchase adjusted to inflation. You can
find the index here.
In case of inherited property, the date and cost of purchase for purposes of
computing the period of holding as well as cost of purchase is taken to be the
date and cost to the original owner. "While computing the amount of long
term capital gains, the cost to the previous owner (i.e. the person from whom
the property is inherited) would be considered as the cost of purchase. Though
the plain reading of the law suggests otherwise, the courts have taken a view
that the indexation benefit can start from the year in which the previous owner
acquired the property," explains Vaibhav Sankla, Director, H&R Block
India.
Index values are from financial year 1981-82 onwards. If the property was
purchased prior to 1982, you would have to get the fair value of the property
assessed as of April 1, 1982. This will be available from the valuation officer
at the local municipal authority. In case you do not have records of the cost of
purchase of the previous owner, you would have to get the valuation done by the
municipal authority of the jurisdiction where the property is situated.
As an NRI, you will be subject to a TDS of 20% on the long term capital gains.
If you sell the property within 3 years of purchase, you will be liable for
short term capital gains tax at your respective tax slab. Short term capital
gain is calculated as the difference between the sale value and the cost of
purchase (no indexation benefit is available). You will be subject to a TDS of
30% irrespective of your tax slab.
But there are certain instances when the NRI can get a waiver of the TDS such
as if the NRI is planning to re-invest the capital gains of the property in
another property or in tax exempt bonds (discussed below). In such cases, the
NRI will be exempt from tax in India and would not like to have TDS deducted.
"In such cases, the seller can apply to the income tax
authorities for a tax exemption certificate. Remember that he must make this
application in the same jurisdiction that his PAN belongs to. He will have to
show proof of
reinvestment of capital gains. If he is planning to buy another house, he would
have to show the allotment letter or payment receipt. If he is planning to invest in capital gains bonds under section 54EC, he would need to
submit an affidavit stating that he would invest the capital gain amount in to
bonds. Usually, the buyer holds back the last installment of payment until this
certificate of exemption is furnished to him by the seller. In case of bonds,
the certificate usually mentions that the buyer can make the complete payment
once the money is invested in bonds and receipt of investment is
received," explains Amar Shah, Co-Founder of Golden Abodes.
Usually, a seller of property has up to 2 years from the date of sale
to invest in another property or up to 6 months to invest in bonds. In case of
NRIs however, if they would like to complete the transaction as soon as
possible, they would need to complete either of these as early as possible.
The payer of the sale proceeds; even if he is an individual will be responsible
for deducting tax at source and paying it to the Government. He must get a Tax
Deduction Account number (TAN) and issue a TDS certificate for the same. What
if the payer/buyer does not go through this process and fails to deduct tax?
The onus of deducting tax is on the payer. So in case the individual does not
deduct tax and the NRI too fails to declare the income and pay the tax, the
income tax authorities can hold the payer responsible.
Tax exemptions
Section 54
According to section 54 of the Income Tax Act, if you sell a residential
property (after 3 years from date of purchase) and purchase a residential house
within 2 years from date of sale (or construct a residential house within 3
years from the date of sale), your gains will be exempt to the extent of the
cost of new property. Suppose your capital gains is Rs 30 lakh and the new
property is for Rs 20 lakh, then Rs 10 lakh will be treated as long term
capital gains.
The residential property that you sell may either be a self-occupied property
or one that was given on rent. Further, the new property must be held for at
least 3 years.
Now an important question that NRIs have: Can you invest the proceeds in a
foreign property and still avail the benefit of section 54? "The appellate
authorities have held that exemption can be claimed under section 54 even if
the new house is purchased outside of India. However, a contrary view exists
too," Sankla says. So it might be best to consult an expert for your
individual circumstance before you take the decision.
Section 54EC
According to section 54EC of the Income Tax Act, if you sell a long term asset,
in this case, the residential property (after 3 years from date of purchase)
and invest the amount of capital gains in bonds of NHAI and REC, within six
months of date of sale, you will be exempt from paying capital gains tax. Your
bonds will remain locked in for a period of 3 years. The total amount which can
be invested in such bonds cannot exceed INR 50 lakh per financial year. Lastly,
if the amount invested in such bonds is less than the amount of long term
capital gains then only a proportionate exemption is available.
Section 54F
According to section 54F of the Income Tax Act, if you sell an asset, other
than a residential house, say a residential plot (after 3 years from date of
purchase), and purchase a residential house within 2 years from date of sale
(or constructs a residential house within 3 years from the date of sale), your
gains will be exempt. "Note that if the cost of the residential house is
less than the amount of capital gains then only a proportionate exemption is
available. Further, to be eligible to claim exemption, you should not own more
than one residential house at the time of the sale of the asset. Further, the
house purchased/constructed for claiming exemption should be held for at least
3 years and no additional residential house (apart from the one
purchased/constructed for claiming tax exemption) should be purchased within 2
years (or constructed within 3 years)," Sankla explains.
Repatriation
General permission is available to NRIs and PIOs to repatriate the sale
proceeds of property inherited from a person resident in India subject to the
conditions mentioned below. If those conditions are fulfilled, the NRI need not
seek permission from the RBI. However, if the property has been inherited by an
NRI from a person resident outside India, then the NRI must seek specific
permission from the RBI
Conditions for repatriation in case of property inherited from person resident
in India:
(i) The amount of repatriation should not exceed USD 1 million per financial
year
(ii) The NRI must produce documentary evidence in support of the inheritance
and an undertaking and certificate by a Chartered
Accountant in the formats prescribed by the Central Board of Direct Taxes
(iii) In cases of deed of settlement made by either of his parents or a close
relative (as defined in section 6 of the Companies Act, 1956) and the
settlement taking effect on the death of the settler the original deed of
settlement and a tax clearance / No Objection Certificate from the Income-Tax
Authority should be produced for the remittance
(iv) Where the remittance as above is made in more than one installment, the
remittance of all such installments shall be made through the same Authorised
Dealer
Which account will the sales proceeds be credited into? Sankla explains,
"The sale proceeds of inherited property have to be credited to NRO
account. An NRI may remit an amount not exceeding USD 1 million per financial
year from out of his balances in his NRO accounts. The limit of USD 1 million
per financial year includes sale proceeds of immovable properties. Remittance
exceeding USD 1 million per financial year requires prior permission of the
Reserve Bank."
Finally, Sankla gives these important tips, "Never forget to check the
income tax implications in the country of residence. Many countries tax their
residents on their worldwide income. Some countries do provide partial or total
exemption on capital gains arising on sale of a residential house if certain
conditions are met. Most important point is, if there is income tax liability
in the country of residence on the amount of gain then tax payer should
re-evaluate if he should consider claiming exemption under section 54/54F/54EC.
In such cases, the tax payer may be better off claiming only partial or no
exemption in India on the capital gains."
